Arduboy Course - Part III: Animated Sprites

date

Jun 9, 2024

type

KnowledgeBase

year

slug

arduboy-basics-3

status

Published

Create a Sprite animation in Aseprite

Let’s make some animated sprites and learn how to put them on the Arduboy! I’ll use Aseprite, but Piskel is another tool that would get the job done! (And it’s free!)

Open Aseprite, click New File... in the top left and enter the dimensions you want your Sprite to have.

Enter a Width of 8px and a Height of 8px. (For use on an Arduboy the dimensions must be multiples of 8!)
Choose Indexed as your color mode
Choose Black as your Background.

Now you see an empty document. Select all colours in the palette on the left side except for black and white and delete them (you can drag-select). The Arduboy’s display can only handle black and white, so no use keeping any other colours around…

Select white and use the pencil tool (B) to draw your first frame. (Press X to swap between black and white)

Then open the timeline by pressing the 🎞️ button on the bottom right

Select Frame > Duplicate Cel(s) (ALT + D) to create a second frame and change it to start a little animation. You can press Enter to toggle playback.

Add a few more frames until you have a little animation.

Export from Aseprite

Select File > Export > Export Sprite Sheet (CTRL + E)

Under Layout, choose Sheet Type: Vertical Strip - this is the required format for Arduboy
Under Output, select PNG and choose a name and location for your file.
Click Export

Convert PNG to Byte Array

Go to 🌐 https://www.bloggingadeadhorse.com/TeamARGImgConverter/

Drag your exported file onto the drop zone

Copy the output.


// The data for my little coin animation:
const uint8_t PROGMEM CoinPowerup[] = {
8, 48,
0x3c, 0x42, 0x99, 0xbd, 0xbd, 0x99, 0x42, 0x3c, 
0x00, 0x3c, 0x42, 0x99, 0x99, 0x42, 0x3c, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0xff, 0x81, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x81, 0xff, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x3c, 0x42, 0x99, 0x99, 0x42, 0x3c, 0x00, 
};

Displaying sprites on the Arduboy

Paste the byte array into your project!

Per default the output starts with the size of the entire image. ‼️ Change the second number to the height of just one frame! ‼️ (In the coin example I have 48 as the height, but it’s actually 6 frames on top of each other, so I have to change the height to 8)

Now we can draw the image with the Sprites class!


// Draw frame #4 (zero-based index 3) of the "CoinPowerup" image at position x:20, y:28
Sprites::drawOverwrite(20, 28, CoinPowerup, 3);

Here is the full code for an example where you see the animated CoinPowerup:


#include <Arduino.h>
#include <Arduboy2.h>

Arduboy2 arduboy;

const uint8_t PROGMEM CoinPowerup[] = {
8, 8,
0x3c, 0x42, 0x99, 0xbd, 0xbd, 0x99, 0x42, 0x3c, 
0x00, 0x3c, 0x42, 0x99, 0x99, 0x42, 0x3c, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0xff, 0x81, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x81, 0xff, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x3c, 0x42, 0x99, 0x99, 0x42, 0x3c, 0x00, 
};

void setup() {
  arduboy.begin();
}

uint8_t count = 0;
uint8_t currentFrame = 0;

void loop() {
  if(!arduboy.nextFrame()) return;
  
  arduboy.clear();
  arduboy.pollButtons();
  
  Sprites::drawOverwrite(20, 20, CoinPowerup, currentFrame);

  count++;
  if(count >= 10) { // after 10 frames, go to the next frame of the animation
    count = 0;
    currentFrame++;
    if(currentFrame > 5) {
      currentFrame = 0;
    }
  }

  arduboy.display();
}

Alright, It plays the animation! But the code is NOT very flexible and NOT easily re-usable, so let’s fix that next!

AnimationPlayer Class

Let’s make a class that makes playing Animations simple for us! We’ll put that class into a new file.

In the Arduino IDE click onto the 3 dots (…) at the top right of the source code, then choose New Tab

This will create a new file, name it animationPlayer.h

🎓

In C++ you usually split your code into: → header files (.h) that contain variable and function definitions → source files (.cpp) that contain the actual implementations But we’re not going to do that. For simplicity’s sake, we’re just going to put everything into the header file and be done with it. 👍

👉 This is the plan:

Set up the new file

We’ll create the struct Animation that holds all the information about one single animation - the byte array, the number of frames it has, and an array that determines how long each frame should be shown for (in milliseconds).

Then we’ll create a class AnimationPlayer that can hold multiple Animation structs. Then we can easily switch between which of its Animations should be playing!

1. Basic File Setup: Include-Guard

We start out by adding a so-called “Include-guard”. This is to make sure that the same code won’t get included multiple times, even if we do #include ‘animationPlayer.h’ in multiple places.


#ifndef ANIMATION_PLAYER_H // if ANIMATION_PLAYER_H is not defined yet...
#define ANIMATION_PLAYER_H // ...define it. (next time it will already be there and it will skip everything)

// ACTUAL CODE WILL GO HERE

#endif //ANIMATION_PLAYER_H // ... end of the if statement

2. Animation Struct

Now we create the Animation struct (In C++ a struct is basically the same as a class: a custom data type that can hold multiple variables and methods.)


struct Animation {
    const uint8_t* spriteArray; // byte data array of the Animation
    uint8_t totalFrames; // how many frames are in this Animation?
    const int* frameTimes; // Array of frame times (in ms)
};

3. AnimationPlayer Class

We want the AnimationPlayer class to do the following for us:

Hold data for multiple individual animations - this will allow us to have all the animations for a character or prop in one AnimationPlayer instance!

Draw the current frame of the current animation onto the screen

Automatically advance frames according to the frameTimes Array of each Animation

Automatically loop at the end

Here it is:


#ifndef ANIMATION_PLAYER_H // Include-guard (to make sure the same stuff can't get included multiple times)
#define ANIMATION_PLAYER_H

#include <Arduboy2.h>

struct Animation {
    const uint8_t* spriteArray; // byte data of this Animation
    uint8_t totalFrames; // how many frames are in this Animation?
    const int* frameTimes; // Array of frame times (in ms)
};

class AnimationPlayer {
		private: // means it can only be accessed from within the class
		    Animation animations[8]; // Array of Animation struct instances - I set it to 8 max
		    uint8_t currentAnimationIndex; // Index of the currently playing Animation
		    uint8_t currentFrame; // The current frame inside the current Animation
		    unsigned long lastFrameChangeTime; // When was the last frame?
		    unsigned long frameDuration; // Duration of the current frame in milliseconds
		public: // means it can be accessed from outside the class
		    AnimationPlayer() : currentAnimationIndex(0), currentFrame(0), lastFrameChangeTime(0), frameDuration(0) {}
		    
		    void addAnimation(uint8_t index, const Animation animation) { // SETUP - add an Animation to this object
		        if (index < 8) {
		            animations[index] = animation;
		        }
		    }
		
		    void playAnimation(uint8_t index) { // Set it to play the animation at the given index
		        if (index < 8) {
		            currentAnimationIndex = index;
		            currentFrame = 0;
		            lastFrameChangeTime = millis();
		            frameDuration = animations[currentAnimationIndex].frameTimes[0];
		        }
		    }
		
		    void update() { // method for calculating when it's time to display the next frame
		        unsigned long currentTime = millis();
		        if (currentTime - lastFrameChangeTime >= frameDuration) {
		            currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % animations[currentAnimationIndex].totalFrames; 
		            lastFrameChangeTime = currentTime;
		            frameDuration = animations[currentAnimationIndex].frameTimes[currentFrame];
		        }
		    }
		
		    void draw(int16_t x, int16_t y) { // draw the current frame of the Animation!
		        update(); // calls update, so you don't have to
		        Sprites::drawSelfMasked(x, y, animations[currentAnimationIndex].spriteArray, currentFrame);
		    }
};

#endif //ANIMATION_PLAYER_H

And here is how to use it:


#include <Arduboy2.h>
#include "animationPlayer.h" // Include the new file!

Arduboy2 arduboy;

// Coin Animation data
const uint8_t PROGMEM CoinPowerup[] = {
8, 8,
0x3c, 0x42, 0x99, 0xbd, 0xbd, 0x99, 0x42, 0x3c, 
0x00, 0x3c, 0x42, 0x99, 0x99, 0x42, 0x3c, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0xff, 0x81, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x81, 0xff, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x3c, 0x42, 0x99, 0x99, 0x42, 0x3c, 0x00, 
};

// Array with frame times for the coin animation. Not too exciting, just 100ms for each frame
const int CoinPowerupFrameTimes[] = {100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100};

// Now we create an instance of our AnimationPlayer class and call it 'coinAnimation'
AnimationPlayer coinAnimation; 

void setup() {
  arduboy.begin();
  coinAnimation.addAnimation(0, {CoinPowerup, 6, CoinPowerupFrameTimes}); // Add all the data to our coinAnimation instance
}

void loop() {
  if (!(arduboy.nextFrame()))	return;
  arduboy.clear();
  
  coinAnimation.draw(22, 44); // now we simply call this every frame and it animates! Yeah!

  arduboy.display();
}

✅ Works ✅ Much easier to use ✅ More flexible ✅ Easily reusable

Animated Character

Following that same procedure, I made an animated character in Aseprite (I’m calling him “Burt”) and split the animation into several separate files:

Spawn

Idle

Walk Left

Walk Right

Jump-Off

Jump in Progress

Land

Crash

Here he is in all his byte-array-ish glory:


const uint8_t PROGMEM BurtSpawn[] = {
16, 16,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc0, 0xe0, 0xe0, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x40, 0x40, 0x08, 0x50, 0x40, 0xe0, 0x6c, 0xe0, 0x60, 0x40, 0x50, 0x08, 0x40, 0x40, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x01, 0x0d, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x40, 0x02, 0x04, 0x88, 0x80, 0x80, 0xe0, 0xab, 0xf0, 0xa0, 0x80, 0x80, 0x88, 0x04, 0x02, 0x40, 
0x08, 0x04, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01, 0x03, 0x03, 0x13, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x04, 0x08, 
0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0xdc, 0xf4, 0xfe, 0xd6, 0x8c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 
0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x03, 0x0f, 0x01, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xe0, 0xa0, 0xf8, 0xa0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x02, 0x1e, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x1e, 0x02, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
};
const int BurtSpawnFrameTimes[] = {100, 100, 100, 100};

const uint8_t PROGMEM BurtWalkRight[] = {
16, 16,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xb8, 0xfa, 0xec, 0xb8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x1f, 0x0e, 0x05, 0x0d, 0x14, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x70, 0xf4, 0xd8, 0x70, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x10, 0x1f, 0x17, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xb8, 0xfa, 0xec, 0xb8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x1d, 0x0e, 0x07, 0x1f, 0x12, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x70, 0xf4, 0xd8, 0x70, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x10, 0x1f, 0x17, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
};
const int BurtWalkRightFrameTimes[] = {100, 100, 100, 100};

const uint8_t PROGMEM BurtWalkLeft[] = {
16, 16,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xb8, 0xec, 0xfa, 0xb8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x14, 0x0d, 0x05, 0x0e, 0x1f, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x70, 0xd8, 0xf4, 0x70, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x17, 0x1f, 0x10, 0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xb8, 0xec, 0xfa, 0xb8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x12, 0x1f, 0x07, 0x0e, 0x1d, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x70, 0xd8, 0xf4, 0x70, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x17, 0x1f, 0x10, 0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
};
const int BurtWalkLeftFrameTimes[] = {100, 100, 100, 100};

const uint8_t PROGMEM BurtIdle[] = {
16, 16,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0xb8, 0xea, 0xfc, 0xa8, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x1f, 0x07, 0x07, 0x1f, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0xb8, 0xfa, 0xfc, 0xb8, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x1f, 0x07, 0x07, 0x1f, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0xb8, 0xea, 0xfc, 0xa8, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x1f, 0x07, 0x07, 0x1f, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0xa8, 0xf8, 0xee, 0xb8, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x1f, 0x07, 0x07, 0x1f, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0xa8, 0xf8, 0xec, 0xba, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x1f, 0x07, 0x07, 0x1f, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0xb8, 0xe8, 0xfe, 0xa8, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x1f, 0x07, 0x07, 0x1f, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
};
const int BurtIdleFrameTimes[] = {500, 200, 500, 100, 750, 100};

const uint8_t PROGMEM BurtJumpOff[] = {
16, 16,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc0, 0x40, 0xf0, 0x40, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x04, 0x7d, 0x3f, 0x3f, 0x7d, 0x04, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x70, 0xd0, 0xf8, 0x54, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x03, 0x3f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x3f, 0x03, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
};
const int BurtJumpOffFrameTimes[] = {200, 200};

const uint8_t PROGMEM BurtJumpInProgress[] = {
16, 16,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc0, 0xdc, 0xfa, 0xfe, 0xda, 0xc4, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x0f, 0x03, 0x03, 0x0f, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0xdc, 0xfa, 0xfe, 0xda, 0x82, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x01, 0x0f, 0x01, 0x01, 0x0f, 0x01, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0xdc, 0xfa, 0xfe, 0xda, 0x84, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x0f, 0x01, 0x01, 0x0f, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0xdc, 0xf6, 0xfe, 0xd6, 0x84, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x0f, 0x01, 0x01, 0x0f, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0xdc, 0xf4, 0xfe, 0xd6, 0x8c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x01, 0x0f, 0x01, 0x01, 0x0f, 0x01, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
};
const int BurtJumpInProgressFrameTimes[] = {100, 100, 100, 100, 100};

const uint8_t PROGMEM BurtLand[] = {
16, 16,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x70, 0xd0, 0xfc, 0x50, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x06, 0x01, 0x1f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x1f, 0x01, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xe0, 0xa0, 0xf8, 0xa0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x02, 0x1e, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x1e, 0x02, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
};
const int BurtLandFrameTimes[] = {100, 100};

const uint8_t PROGMEM BurtCrash[] = {
16, 16,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xe0, 0xa0, 0xf8, 0xa0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x02, 0x1e, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x1e, 0x02, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x1f, 0x1d, 0x0d, 0x0f, 0x1d, 0x1d, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x10, 0x18, 0x08, 0x08, 0x1c, 0x08, 0x08, 0x10, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x10, 0x18, 0x10, 0x14, 0x10, 0x10, 0x12, 0x18, 0x10, 0x12, 0x10, 0x14, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x40, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x08, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x10, 0x10, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x12, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 
};
const int BurtCrashFrameTimes[] = {50, 50, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100};

And here’s how we’d set up all his animations in a single AnimationPlayer:


// ...

AnimationPlayer playerAnimation; // Create an instance of type AnimationPlayer for the player character.

void setup() {
  // ...
	
	playerAnimation.addAnimation(0, {BurtSpawn, 4, BurtSpawnFrameTimes}); // Spawn
	playerAnimation.addAnimation(1, {BurtIdle, 6, BurtIdleFrameTimes}); // Idle
	playerAnimation.addAnimation(2, {BurtWalkRight, 4, BurtWalkRightFrameTimes}); // Walk Right
	playerAnimation.addAnimation(3, {BurtWalkLeft, 4, BurtWalkLeftFrameTimes}); // Walk Left
	playerAnimation.addAnimation(4, {BurtJumpOff, 2, BurtJumpOffFrameTimes}); // Jump
	playerAnimation.addAnimation(5, {BurtJumpInProgress, 5, BurtJumpInProgressFrameTimes}); // Jump
	playerAnimation.addAnimation(6, {BurtLand, 2, BurtLandFrameTimes}); // Land
	playerAnimation.addAnimation(7, {BurtCrash, 7, BurtCrashFrameTimes}); // Crash

	playerAnimation.setAnimation(1); // Start with the Idle Animation
}

void Update() {
	// ...

	playerAnimation.draw(20, 40); // draw Burt animation at x:20, y:40
	
	// ...
}

Now we have all the animations for a character in one object and we can switch between which animation plays!

But how do we know when to switch to which Animation? Good question! We’ll get to that, but first we need to add a few more pieces…

A new class for moving things: Entity

Wouldn’t it be great if we could bring all the momentum-calculation stuff also into a re-usable form? Then we could have multiple things that react to gravity and and that we can apply momentum to…

Let’s modify our Player struct from earlier and turn it into a class called Entity. Our player character will then be an instance of this class, and if we want to add non-player-characters (NPCs) later, they can also be instances of that same class!

👉 What we need:

Our class needs to have variables for everything we want to keep track off - position, momentum, size, etc.

Our class needs a few methods that we can call to make it do stuff.

Let’s make one called init to initialize it (set all the starting values)
One method to process new data.

Make a new 📄 file called entity.h and add this the code below


#ifndef ENTITY_H // Include-guard (to make sure the same stuff can't get included multiple times)
#define ENTITY_H

#include <Arduboy2.h>

class Entity {
	public:
		float x;
		float y;
		float xMomentum;
		float yMomentum;
		float width;
		float height;
		bool isDead;
		bool onGround;	
		
		// Constructor for default values
		Entity() {}
		
		// Constructor for x and y position, width and height
		Entity(float x, float y, float width, float height) {
			this->x = x;
			this->y = y;
			this->width = width;
			this->height = height;
		}	

		// Init function to set up the whole thing (think: respawn)
		void init(float x, float y, float xMomentum, float yMomentum, float width, float height) {
			this->x = x;
			this->y = y;
			this->xMomentum = xMomentum;
			this->yMomentum = yMomentum;
			this->width = width;
			this->height = height;
		}

		void process(const float gravity, bool left, bool right, bool jump) {
			if(left && !isDead) {
				xMomentum = -1.0;
			} else if(right && !isDead) {
				xMomentum = 1.0;
			} else {
				if(onGround) { // decelerate faster if touching ground
					xMomentum = xMomentum * 0.75;
				} else { // and slower if in the air
					xMomentum = xMomentum * 0.95;
				}
			}

			if(jump && onGround) { // jump, but only if touching ground
				yMomentum = -2.0;
			}

			if(!onGround) { // in the air? fall...
				yMomentum += gravity;
			} 

			x += xMomentum;
			y += yMomentum;
		}

		bool land(float momentum) { // This should be called whenever the Entity collides with something
			if(abs(momentum) > 2.7) { // momentum above this value kills it
				isDead = true;
			}
			return isDead;
		}
};

#endif //ENTITY_H

Include it in the main file like this:


#include "entity.h" // Include our new file! (Note how we use quotation marks in stead of angle brackets!)

Now we can create a variable of type Entity and use its constructor to set it up like this:


Entity player = {20.0, 88.0, 8.0, 10.0}

Or we can call the init method at any time to assign values (think respawn)


Entity player; // Create an instance object of type Entity, called "player"
player.init(20.0, 88.0, 0.0, 0.0, 8.0, 10.0); // Call the "init" method to set all the starting values

In actual use, you’d then call process every frame, send along button states, and it would calculate all the momentum values and the x/y position from that inside our player Entity instance:


player.process(gravity, arduboy.pressed(LEFT_BUTTON), arduboy.pressed(RIGHT_BUTTON), arduboy.justPressed(A_BUTTON));

And with this we now have everything required to build any kind of animated Entity!

Next Chapter: Part IV: Collision Detection

🎓 BONUS: How to make a dithering brush in Aseprite

Press B to switch to the Brush (Pencil) tool

Draw a pixel

Press M (Mask) and select the pixel plus 3 empty pixels

Press CTRL + B to turn your selection into a new brush

Switch to the Brush/Pencil tool again (B) - Now you can draw a dithering pattern.